Role Of Mncs As A Political Actor - 1225 Words

An adequate understanding of modern global affairs begs an extension beyond the conventional approach which emphasizes one set of actors, namely nation-states. â€Å"According to a widely cited UNCTAD data, of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are now global corporations, only 49 are countries1.† Furthermore, the united nations’ body estimates that multinationals account for one quarter of the worlds GDP1. While one may not accept GDP as a measure of a nation’s power, it is a prime determinant of its capabilities and limitations as a political actor. The same can be said for MNCs, which have been on the rise since World War II. This discussion focuses on the role of MNCs as a political actor within, between and sometimes even above nation states. In 1952, General Motors CEO Charles Wilson famously stated that â€Å"What is good for General Motors is good for the country1. Not surprisingly, modern multinational corporations are often viewed as an extensi on of U.S. power within and between its borders. Corporations are able to transform economic clout into political power through campaign contributions and lobbying. According to a study on the top 200 global corporations, conducted by The Institute for Policy Studies, â€Å"82 U.S. companies on the Top 200 list made contributions to 2000 election campaigns through political action committees that totaled $33,045,8321.† Furthermore the Center for Responsive Politics â€Å"found that candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives whoShow MoreRelatedThe Increasing Significance of Multinational Company1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe increasing significance of MNCs in 1950s transformed them to the dominant phenomenon in the international economic relations since then. It has triggered a strong interest among the scholars, media, and society. The surrounding controversy around MNCs has triggered the need and necessity for the analysis due to the fact, that it is described by some scholars and economists as the principal instrument for maximizing world welfare, and by others as the imperialistic agents (United Nations PublicationRead MoreWhat Are the Sources and Limits of Mnc Power1627 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the sources and limits of MNC power? Multinational Corporations in a Global Economy IR 120 - 201136597 - Catharina Knobloch 1. Introduction As MNCs are getting increasingly important as actors in political bargaining, the purpose of this essay is to provide a (more or less) detailed overview over the sources and limits of the power of multinational corporations (MNCs). In the first section, I am going to lead into this topic by giving some definitions. In addition to that, I amRead MoreThe Role of Non-state Actors in International Relations2224 Words   |  9 PagesThe Role of Non-state Actors in International Relations Introduction International relations (IR) is like a stage where actors are needed to put on a show. Actors are any person or entity which plays a role that is attributable in international relations. There are two kind of actors in the world of International Relations which are states and non-state actors. States are territories run by a government and have a permanent population. Although states are the most important actors in IR, they areRead MoreTransnational Relations And Non State Actors1827 Words   |  8 Pagesnon-state actors have been highlighted at the end of the cold war and the recent increase in globalization movement. It is undeniable that the position of transnational society has influenced a lot of outcomes in international relations today. This essay highlights different types of transnational actors and their local and global influence capacity. The interdependence between state and non-state actors are explored. The discussion is also based on the understanding that different political schoolsRead MoreThe Impact of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) on Developing Countries992 Words   |  4 PagesCompany and the Massachusetts Bay Company traversed the world to extract resources and agricultural products from colonies (Gilpin 278-79). While contemporary multinationa l corporations (MNCs) do not command the armies and territories their colonial counterparts did, they are nevertheless highly influential actors in today’s increasingly globalized world. Gilpin discussed the MNC’s evolution through the lenses of a number of business economic theories. Using Raymond Vernon’s Product Cycle TheoryRead MoreGlobalization Has Brought A Huge Change Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernance† has spread as global issues appear beyond nation-states. In this global governance, however, the question of â€Å"who governs†- who will be the principal actor that governs the new global system- can be very controversial. Especially, when international institutions and other organizations are thought to become more important leading actors in global governance than the nation-states used to be, the controversy can be intensified. Some people argue that global issues are no longer in the handsRead MoreThe Denotation Of Multination Corporation ( Mnc )1582 Words   |  7 PagesCorporation (MNC) can be dated back to 1996 with a straightforward meaning. Yet there is much more that needs to be taken into account when discussing t he Corporations, rather than a firm in at least two countries. MNC’s can be traced back to the 1600’s to the British East India Company. The Boston Tea Party protested the Tea Act of 1773, which removed the taxation on tea specifically from the  British East India  Co. This is the earliest demonstration of governing in favor of the uttermost MNC of its dayRead MoreThe Political System Of Multinational Corporations1797 Words   |  8 Pagesfactor(s) as veto players which he describes as either being individual or collective actors and whose approval warrants policy change in a state. Essentially, veto players constitute a system in which there are checks and balance which is a good thing for the MNCs because it means that institutions will provide policy commitments while at the same time offering policy flexibility if necessary. This is a big for MNCs because they care about how policy change(s) might affect their operations and subsequentlyRead MoreEssay about Culture in Ihrm1641 Words   |  7 Pagesprefer stricter laws, safer environments and certainty in religious beliefs (Lamoreaux Morling 2011, pp. 302). This implies an unwillingness to take risks, accept organisational change, and reluctance to take personal initiatives outside prescribed roles. These employees develop an external locus of control that luck and destiny cause events in their lives. Lamoreaux and Morling (2011) explain that this creates pressure for management to set challenging goals, continuously upgrade knowledge and provideRead More The Importance of Interdependence and Internationa l Cooperation1632 Words   |  7 Pagesown, short-term gain as if in competition with the rest of the world, but instead that states should find ways in which to fulfill the long-term, mutual gain of nations. International trade inherently benefits at least two states. An individual actor does not have the ability to produce all the goods it needs. It therefore must produce the items for which it has a comparative advantage and trade those goods for those that another country had a comparative advantage for producing. While each nation

Graduation Speech I Am m Not Smart - 995 Words

â€Å"Here it comes. I’ve studied for hours. I am going to ace this!† These are the thoughts that ran through young Manda Bartlett’s mind every time a test was placed on the desk. Though I knew the material, though I studied countless hours, there were some things that just would not stick in my mind. Are high test scores an indication of someone who is well-educated? Does making a â€Å"c† on a test that covered over nine months of school material mean that I’m not smart? Or is it because I chose not to go straight to college after high school that makes me seem so â€Å"dim†? Is graduating from an Ivy League college what makes someone a well-educated individual? Is a successful CEO well-educated because he’s successful or is it because he graduated at the top of his class from community college? Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple dropped out of college, is he uneducated? Does memorizing the words of Shakespeare make someone well-educat ed, or are they just good at remembering what they’ve read? Being well educated should be based on how far knowledge that has been gained is pushed throughout life. One problem with defining the term â€Å"well-educated† is that this is a subjective term. In one person’s opinion, someone is well-educated because they graduated from one of the top schools with the highest GPA. In another’s opinion, someone is well-educated when they are successful with a million dollar net worth. According to The Free Dictionary by Fairfax, to be well educated is to have extensiveShow MoreRelatedHba Class of 20143348 Words   |  14 PagesWelcome HBA Class of 2014 to the Richard Ivey School of Business. I am extremely excited to welcome you to the best business program in Canada. You are about to embark on one of the most challenging, invigorating, and enlightening journeys of your life. This program will challenge your philosophies, and stretch your limits; both physically and mentally. You will grow, change and succeed in ways you never thought were possible. The Guru Executive team has been working extremely hard overRead MoreNazi Germany And The Nazi War11227 Words   |  45 Pages The Nazi government provided those hopes and dreams through forced indoctrination. In the 1930’s, membership of teenage boys in the Hitler Youth (Hitler Jugend or HJ) was highly encouraged. The German government promised parents that after graduation, there would be a bright future for their children. Also, while a member of the HJ, the children would have free room and board, would be well cared for and provided an education. During the hard economic times in Germany, this was a strong incentiveRead MoreCOMM292 Case Studies23202 Words   |  93 Pagesfluent English and was a huge cricket fan. He followed his favorite team, Bengal, passionately and was also very involved in the informal Indian club at the school and planned to make his chicken curry for the International Food Festival. After graduation, Prasad wanted to pursue a career in consulting and hoped to get sponsored for a visa to live and work in the United States permanently. Jennifer Martin was the only woman on the learning team and came from a mixed-race family—African American andRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pages.......................................................................... 14 6. 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Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4Read MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 PagesPeople and e Leader in Me â€Å"Having worked with Clayton Christensen on innovation for over a decade, I can see that e Innovator’s DNA continues to stretch our thinking with insights that challenge convention and enable progress in the important cause of innovation . . . so critical to competitiveness and growth.† retired Chairman of the Board and CEO, e Procter Gamble Company Also by Clayton M. Christensen: Bestselling Author of e Innovator’s Dilemma You can be as innovative and impactful— Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesanalysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E NucorRead MoreThe Five Dysfunctions of a Team a Leadership Fable46009 Words   |  185 Pages01_960756_ffirs_16.qxd 1/13/06 8:57 AM Page iii The Five Dysfunctions of aTeam A L E A D E R S H I P FA B L E Patrick Lencioni 01_960756_ffirs_16.qxd 1/13/06 8:57 AM Page ii 01_960756_ffirs_16.qxd 1/13/06 8:57 AM Page i Also by Patrick Lencioni Leadership Fables The Five Temptations of a CEO The Four Obsessions of an Extraordinary Executive Death by Meeting Silos, Politics, and Turf Wars Field Guide Overcoming the Five Dysfunctions of a Team Read MoreStephen P. 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The Two Foscari monologue Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Two Foscari monologue Persuasive Essay A monologue from the play by Lord Byron NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Lord Byron: Six Plays. Lord Byron. Los Angeles: Black Box Press, 2007. JACOPO FOSCARI: No light, save yon faint gleam which shows me walls Which never echo\d but to sorrow\s sounds, The sigh of long imprisonment, the step Of feet on which the iron clank\d the groan Of death, the imprecation of despair! And yet for this I have return\d to Venice, With some faint hope, \tis true, that time, which wears The marble down, had worn away the hate Of men\s hearts; but I knew them not, and here Must I consume my own, which never beat For Venice but with such a yearning as The dove has for her distant nest, when wheeling High in the air on her return to greet Her callow brood. What letters are these which Are scrawl\d along the inexorable wall? Will the gleam let me trace them? Ah! the names Of my sad predecessors in this place, The dates of their despair, the brief words of A grief too great for many. This stone page Holds like an epitaph their history; And the poor captive\s tale is graven on His dungeon barrier, like the lover\s record Upon the bark of some tall tree, which bears His own and his beloved\s name. Alas! I recognize some names familiar to me, And blighted like to mine, which I will add, Fittest for such a chronicle as this, Which only can be read, as writ, by wretches.

It was after my sophomore football season that I r Essays

It was after my sophomore football season that I realized that I wanted to play college football. I immediately got really excited after receiving a recruiting questionnaire from Benedictine, even though I didn't know anything about them. The summer of my junior year I thought that it would be a good idea to attend some college football camps to get better and to try and put myself out there and get noticed. I went to Emporia State's showcase camp and Butler's camp. I thought that I may have stood out and caught the coaches eye, when I was at the Butler camp. I then had a pretty good junior football season and was hoping that some colleges would be after me. I filled out Butler's online football questionnaire and later heard back from them, as they sent me a bunch of letters in the mail and one of the coaches texted me a few times. Butler was really the only school that I had a desire to go to because I felt as if I knew so much about them. My mother works there and my brother played basketball there. Also, I had really enjoyed going to their camps the past two years and I loved what they taught. Growing up, my mother would take me to Butler football games and then about midseaso my senior year I was invited to a game, where I got to go on the sideline as a recruit and talk to the coaches. I thought that this was a big deal and that they were for sure looking at me and recruiting me, but unfortunately, I don't think they were interested in me and I don't even think the coaches knew who I was. Towards the end of my senior football season, a new rule was passed in the Kansas Jayhawk Conference, that stated that there would no longer be an out of state limit for football scholarships. I didn't think much of it until I realized that none of the Kansas JUCOs were interested in me, despite me e-mailing every single one of them and filling out their questionnaires. I wasn't sure what to do after this, I had received some interest from some smaller NAIA schools like Ta bor, Sterling, Ottawa, MNU, and Benedictine, but I just couldn't see myself going to any of those schools and I knew that I wouldn't be satisfied with going to an NAIA. Also, going to an NAIA is very expensive and I wasn't sure if I had the funds to go there. I then saw that Hutchinson Community College was holding an open combine tryout in late April. I knew that last year that held one of those tryouts and that they got like five or six guys, who performed well on their team because of it. So I decided to take my chances and sign up for it. After I signed up for the tryout, I had the day of the tryout in my mind, every single day, as motivation. I knew that I would have to train very hard in order to stand out and put up good combine numbers. I wanted to make sure that I would perform well and earn myself a scholarship so I decided to try and find some help in order to train for the combine tryout. I searched the internet and stumbled across this place called the Wichita Parisi. T hey had a combine prep special for $300. I decided to take the risk and try and get signed up for it. I went down to there place, which is about a 20-30 minute drive, depending on the traffic, to get signed up and evaluated. I ended up talking to the owner there for about 30 minutes. I ended up signing up for a 3 month membership, which I paid $507 of my own money. I did this because the owner told me that even if I did make the team at Hutch, I would still need to put in work to become a better athlete, and if I didn't make the team at Hutch, he said that he could help me out and find me a place to play.

Free Essays on The Beauty Of Art Design In Theater

How does one define art? Art echoes the natural world. It gives order to the world and intensity to human life. Art is a means of communion as well as communication, and from art, we see, and, emotionally, understand humanity. It provides pleasurable experiences along with cerebral wealth. Art also helps us to express our sentimental relations. It can beautify surprise, inspire, stimulate imagination, inform, tell stories, and record history. Art can allow one pleasure simply through the process of creating. Art can allow a feeling of expression. Art can, in contrast, allow one to provoke emotions from within the viewer, occasionally leaving the observer with an awakened or invigorated outlook. It does not begin or end with just drawing or painting, items typically considered art, or the many other recognized facets of art including architecture, drama, literature, sculpting, and music. Some may only consider a work as art if it requires a particular skill from the artist; however, art can actually be viewed as simply another form of communication. Dance, as a form of art, allows the person or persons to express themselves through the movements of their bodies, whether the dancing takes place on a stage, in a theater, or in a ballroom. This non-verbal art form can allow a dancer to express stories and strong feelings of emotion, such as sadness, sexuality, and joy or may just simply offer an outlet for energy. Poetry is an art form that offers an environment to the creative or expressive need. Writing poetry can be used as an aid to help think through the conflicting emotions that accompany life. It is an art much as gardening is. An inspiration for a poem can be a seed. The seed is planted on paper and usually, though not always, after tending to it, the seed begins to take shape until it suddenly blooms. Painting or photography- probably one of the highest acknowledged forms of art- incorporates all aspects of t... Free Essays on The Beauty Of Art Design In Theater Free Essays on The Beauty Of Art Design In Theater How does one define art? Art echoes the natural world. It gives order to the world and intensity to human life. Art is a means of communion as well as communication, and from art, we see, and, emotionally, understand humanity. It provides pleasurable experiences along with cerebral wealth. Art also helps us to express our sentimental relations. It can beautify surprise, inspire, stimulate imagination, inform, tell stories, and record history. Art can allow one pleasure simply through the process of creating. Art can allow a feeling of expression. Art can, in contrast, allow one to provoke emotions from within the viewer, occasionally leaving the observer with an awakened or invigorated outlook. It does not begin or end with just drawing or painting, items typically considered art, or the many other recognized facets of art including architecture, drama, literature, sculpting, and music. Some may only consider a work as art if it requires a particular skill from the artist; however, art can actually be viewed as simply another form of communication. Dance, as a form of art, allows the person or persons to express themselves through the movements of their bodies, whether the dancing takes place on a stage, in a theater, or in a ballroom. This non-verbal art form can allow a dancer to express stories and strong feelings of emotion, such as sadness, sexuality, and joy or may just simply offer an outlet for energy. Poetry is an art form that offers an environment to the creative or expressive need. Writing poetry can be used as an aid to help think through the conflicting emotions that accompany life. It is an art much as gardening is. An inspiration for a poem can be a seed. The seed is planted on paper and usually, though not always, after tending to it, the seed begins to take shape until it suddenly blooms. Painting or photography- probably one of the highest acknowledged forms of art- incorporates all aspects of t...

Free Essays on Youth Suicide- “Leaving Ear;ly“

Leaving Early Expository texts often present powerful social issues which challenge the reader. Suicide is a sin to talk about in today’s society. Yet it is one of the fastest killing diseases taking many lives each week. Bronwyn Donaghy has put together a factual informative expository text titled Leaving Early to inform the reader about the issue of suicide. Techniques such as facts, Statistics, case studies and interviews have been strategically combined to shock and inform the reader about this serious social issue. Over a long period of time Donaghy has collected information about three different young individuals, who were faced with the unexplainable condition of suicide. Donaghy has selected the most important information case these three case studies and has presented them to the reader to show how real and life changing the strong social issue of suicide can be. Donaghy presents these people in such a way that it makes the reader feel as if they are part of the family or close nit community. The result of this technique positions the reader to feel sympathetic towards the people involved in the text. Jan, Collins mother says â€Å"We were just so blessed! First a girl and then this beautiful little boy†. This makes the reader realize that Collin came from a loving and well structured family, and it is not just abused kids that commit suicide. Jan Schultz comments in the interview that Donaghy had with her that once Collin commited suicide: â€Å" I was so angry with Collin. I had given him so much love, I had spent so much more time on him than I had on the others. I had worked so hard to get him the extra things he seemed to need. He had betrayed me.† The case studies and the response from the victims loved ones persuades the reader to feel guilt and sympathy towards collin. And further more makes the reader fell as if they once new the people in the text. This powerful technique Donaghy has used helps the reader se... Free Essays on Youth Suicide- â€Å"Leaving Ear;lyâ€Å" Free Essays on Youth Suicide- â€Å"Leaving Ear;lyâ€Å" Leaving Early Expository texts often present powerful social issues which challenge the reader. Suicide is a sin to talk about in today’s society. Yet it is one of the fastest killing diseases taking many lives each week. Bronwyn Donaghy has put together a factual informative expository text titled Leaving Early to inform the reader about the issue of suicide. Techniques such as facts, Statistics, case studies and interviews have been strategically combined to shock and inform the reader about this serious social issue. Over a long period of time Donaghy has collected information about three different young individuals, who were faced with the unexplainable condition of suicide. Donaghy has selected the most important information case these three case studies and has presented them to the reader to show how real and life changing the strong social issue of suicide can be. Donaghy presents these people in such a way that it makes the reader feel as if they are part of the family or close nit community. The result of this technique positions the reader to feel sympathetic towards the people involved in the text. Jan, Collins mother says â€Å"We were just so blessed! First a girl and then this beautiful little boy†. This makes the reader realize that Collin came from a loving and well structured family, and it is not just abused kids that commit suicide. Jan Schultz comments in the interview that Donaghy had with her that once Collin commited suicide: â€Å" I was so angry with Collin. I had given him so much love, I had spent so much more time on him than I had on the others. I had worked so hard to get him the extra things he seemed to need. He had betrayed me.† The case studies and the response from the victims loved ones persuades the reader to feel guilt and sympathy towards collin. And further more makes the reader fell as if they once new the people in the text. This powerful technique Donaghy has used helps the reader se...

Meeting the Challenge through External Audit Essay

Meeting the Challenge through External Audit - Essay Example To prepare the research paper, data has been collected from various secondary sources such as, internet journals and academic websites. The basic premise of the research is to generate an understanding about fraud and role of external audit; how frauds have taken place in Canadian organizations, its impact and the limitations of external audit to face the problems of fraudulent activities. Table of Contents Research Paper Outline 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 The Duty of External Auditor 5 Fraud in Canadian Organizations 7 Challenges of External Audit 10 Conclusion 13 Introduction Fraud can be defined as a planned activity which is intended to betray other party. It results in sufferance of the victim through loss and accomplishment of any gain by the doer. Fraud is any unlawful act characterized by dishonesty, concealment or breach of faith. However, fraud does not mean any threat of bloodshed or physical force to deceive. It is committed by human beings and organizations to acquire money, assets or services and to evade fee or protect individual or corporate benefits. From the auditor’s viewpoint fraud is the misrepresentation of a company’s financial statement. The misrepresentation can happen because of fraudulent financial statement or embezzlement of asset. ... France or revelation of data (Thornton, â€Å"Managing Fraud Risk: The Audit Committee Perspective†) The Duty of External Auditor The duty of external auditor is to manage the fraud. According to statement on Auditing Standard No. 99 (SAS 99) the external auditor needs to: Collect requisite information to recognize the risks of material misrepresentation Recognize the threat of material misrepresentation Evaluate the risks of fraud React to the consequences of evaluation Examine the audit verification Share any proof of fraudulent activity to interested parties, and File the reflection of auditor regarding fraud (Thornton, â€Å"Managing Fraud Risk: The Audit Committee Perspective†). It is the duty of external auditor to identify the fraud and detect any kind of unlawful activity by any organization. In order to detect the risk of misrepresentation the external auditor can apply professional decision and consider the elements of risk which comprises of kinds of risk, im portance of risk, probability of the threat, and pervasiveness of the risk. The external auditor’s evaluation does not act like an assurance that no fraud exists in financial report. The audit committee must acquire rational assurance on behalf of the external auditors that organization has taken the requisite steps to secure the assets of the unit. The audit committee needs to verify by proper analysis about the auditor’s vigilance to the likelihood of fraud (Thornton, â€Å"Managing Fraud Risk: The Audit Committee Perspective†). According to Companies Act 2006, an organization is required to employ an auditor who makes a report for investors with a view on whether the financial statement provides accurate and real value of company’s financial performance. I

Steps of Hometown Deli to Move in the 21st Century Technologically Case Study

Steps of Hometown Deli to Move in the 21st Century Technologically - Case Study Example This paper illustrates explores how to bring Hometown Deli into the 21st Century technologically by adding new computer equipment, wireless routers, and Wi-Fi hubs, and staying in tune with our customers through social media sources such as Facebook and Twitter. We feel that a move to 21st Century technology not only with hardware but with software as well can, not only make us more efficient, but more profitable as well. The loan was given to Hometown Deli by the bank to help pay for the equipment which will be implored be Hometown Deli for their everyday business uses. Further resources will come from extra revenue allocated to help pay for the new hardware and software that will be used to help run the business. The deliverables coming to Hometown Deli will include the new automated inventory system which will allow the restaurant to be able to keep a closer track on their current inventory and what they need to order to make sure that they have enough supplies in the stores at al l time. Furthermore, additional deliverables will include updates to the programs and hardware as well as supplies to help keep the store running at the technological peak performance. The Systems Development Life Cycle is a seven-stage process whose purpose is to identify the information technology needs of a business that is cost effective while also meeting the company's current and future needs. The planning phase for Hometown Deli allowed the owner’s grandson to find out that the restaurant was in dire need of updating for the 21st Century technologically. Thus, we decided that to bring in more customers and retain the ones that we currently have is to update the restaurant to bring out the best that it can be. During this phase, we checked out what would be needed in order to execute our plan in bringing Hometown Deli into the 21st Century. We found out that the whole restaurant would have to be rewired in order to handle the workload that we were going to need from the new networks we are going to establish within the restaurant to set up our Wi-Fi hotspot for our customers and the wireless network going to be used for our business needs.

US History Essay Example for Free

US History Essay 4. Describe how prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration when they lack compartmentalized organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. The area of cellular respiration in prokaryotes is the respiratory membrane. For aerobic prokaryote the infoldings of the plasma membrane are similar to the cristae of mitochondria, whose purpose in eukaryotic cells is cellular respiration. In photosynthetic prokaryotes, the area responsible for cellular respiration is the thylakoid membrane. It functions are similar in manner to chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. 5. Explain why prokaryotes are unable to grow in very salty or sugary foods, such as cured meats or jam. Prokaryotes have the ability to live harsh environments. Prokaryotes however are unable to live in very salty or sugary foods like cured meats or jams because they lack the essential nutrients that water etc provide. In response to these harsh conditions endospores are formed. In essence, endospores are a touch wall surrounding a set of chromosomes. Eventually as water is removed from the cell its metabolism halts and the rest of the cell disintegrates. In this manner prokaryotes die out in harsh conditions like sugary or salty foods. 6. State the function(s) of each of the following prokaryotic features: a. Capsule i. A capsule is a sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces. b. fimbriae ii. A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells; also known as an attachment pilus. c. sex pilus iii. In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also know as a conjugation pilus d. Nucleoid iv. A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. e. Plasmid v. A small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome. Plasmids are also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeasts. f. Endospores vi. A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions. 7. List three factors that give rise to high levels of genetic diversity in prokaryotes. Rapid Reproduction- Rapid reproduction is comparable to a prokaryote reproducing by binary fission repeatedly. After rounds of division most of the offspring cells are identical Mutation- Genetic Recombination- 8. Describe three processes that produce recombinant DNA in prokaryotes.

Aids and its History :: Free AIDS Essays

For the fast several years an AIDS vaccine has been the key focus in AIDS research. While the government sees the vaccine as a termination to the disease, but a portion of the public along with many renowned scientists from around the world would argue against a vaccine. The United Nations and the US military have threatened to administer a mandatory vaccine to children at the age of 12 and all military employees. Reports predict a massive resistance to a mandatory AIDS vaccine in the US. (www.newsmax.shtml) The Committtee to Protect Medical Freedom warned that the vaccine would infact put more people at risk of contracting the deadly disease. AIDS is not like polio or smallpox, which can occur randomly without any warning; the public already knows how to avoid this disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coverage of ‘promising’ vaccines is extremely misleading, and those being tested so far appear harmful and dangerous. (newsmax.com) Even with the disparencies surrounding these vaccines, the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases is sponsoring an HIV vaccine test on babies born to HIV-infected mothers. The program has admitted that a small percentage of their trial applicants have indeed become infected, but now have access to the best medical care available. The available data on such vaccines gives no basis for testing on humans. Scientists and Government officials have been debating on this issue for many years now. However, the divergence of AIDS and HIV has a long and tedious history full of twists and turns and dead end roads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Little to nothing was known about AIDS when it first erupted in the late 1970s. When the epidemic finally reached noticeable proportions in the early 1980s, numerous hypotheses emerged. â€Å"Theories attempting to explain the origin of the disease ranged from the comic to the bizarre: a deadly germ escaped from a CIA laboratory: God sent the plague down to punish homosexuals and drug addicts: it came from outer space, riding on the tail of a comet.† (newdawnmagazine.com) Though some of the theories were outlandish, a few hold ample evidence. Among the theories dismissed and rejected by the government were those of covert human medical experimentation and primate viruses. The government ignored all the dangerous viral creations that were genetically altered for cancer research, vaccine research, and secret biological warfare. (newdawnmagazine.com) There are claims that the polio vaccine given to Africans in the late 1950s was prepared using chimp kidney cel ls that were contaminated with the ancestor virus of HIV.

David Walker’s Appeal

Chatarpaul 1 David Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World is aimed towards African-American slaves and freedmen. His goal was to have all his â€Å"brethren†, rise up and fight against slaveholders and farmers. Walker called for vengeance against white men, but he also expressed the hope that their cruel behavior toward blacks would change, making vengeance unnecessary. His message to the slaves was direct; if they were not given liberty, then should take action and rebel. The Appeal caused a stir among slaveholders and slaves.In it, Walker argued that armed resistance was justified and should be used if necessary. As could be expected, slaveholders feared that it would cause slave uprisings. Slaves on the other hand, were encouraged by its message. It was common for groups of slaves to gather and listen to the reading of the text. Depending upon whether one was a slave or a slaveholder, the Appeal had become both dangerous and inspiring. David Walker†™s appeal to me is targeted towards blacks. More specifically it is aimed at slaves and freedmen.It is clear that Walker is very well strong about making his point to his brethren when he states, â€Å"The whites want slaves, and want us for their slaves, but some of them will curse the day they ever saw us. As true as the sun ever shone in its meridian splendor, my color will root some of them out of the very face of the earth. They shall have enough of making slaves of, and butchering, and murdering us in the manner which they have. †(22) In this quote, it may appear that Walker is bad spirited but he is not because he wants the whites to feel the same pain as his people and he is feeling.Walker only wants the worse for those slaveholders that abuse their power over their slaves. I am sure many slaves agreed with what Walker said here because Chatarpaul 2 whites don’t know how much pain and suffering they’re causing to the slaves. Walker believed that slaver y was a crime against humanity. He wanted the whites to feel what his people were feeling. Walker’s appeal is really about trying to get black people in the north and south to prepare themselves any way they can for resistance and slavery. The man who would not fight under our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, in the glorious and heavenly cause of freedom and of God† (14), as Walker states, had no right to be free; but those who did were promised by Walker a renewed sense of self-respect, and communal and spiritual identity. Walker later goes on to say, â€Å"Are we men! I ask you, O my brethren! Are we men? Did our Creator make us to be slaves to dust and ashes like ourselves? †¦ Have we any other Master but Jesus Christ alone? † (18). The answers to these questions would only be determined by the slaves themselves because it was up to them to make a stand.Walker appeals to the slaves and freedmen when he later says, â€Å"America is more our country than it i s the whites-we have enriched it with our blood and tears†¦ will they drive us from our property and homes, which we have earned with our blood? † Walker here is referring to colonization, where free blacks were supposed to be moved to a colony in Africa. By what Walker said in the above quote, he believed that America belonged to all who helped build it. He also emphasizes this by saying to the whites, â€Å"America is as much our country, as it is yours. Treat us like men, and there is no danger but we will all live in peace and happiness. † This quote is basically addressed to his white readers in hoping to change their heart. With that being said, Walker knows that it will be Chatarpaul 3 hard to convince whites to change their minds, but at least he mentions it and whites can take it with a sigh of relief. The readers of Walker’s Appeal are supposed to be enlightened and arouse by it because he is urging them to claim their human rights. He states, â₠¬Å"Oh! My colored brethren, all over the world, when shall we arise from this death-like apathy? -And be men!! In this quote there’s a sense of urgency and Walker makes that clear. I think that by reading this many slaves were feeling connected to Walker and with that connection they were ready to accept the appeal and do something about slavery. Those who were free was also ready to make a stand because Walker preached that all â€Å"brethren† should unite, those free and those not free. In order for blacks to make a statement to the whites, they all had to unite to prove that they shouldn’t be treated the way they were. In the following quote he clearly addresses his fellow blacks by saying, â€Å"I would wish, candidly †¦ o be understood, that I would not give a pinch of snuff to be married to any white person I ever saw in all the days of my life. † Here he is trying to show that no matter what the situation is he will not have anything to do wit h white people, men or women. He really wants his readers to understand him in many ways more than one. He goes on to say, â€Å"†¦until you see your way clear-when that hour arrives and you move, be not afraid or dismayed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , he doesn’t want slaves to be afraid of the whites. With this appeal, many slaves and freedmen would agree with Walker because he is giving them great reasons to make a stand.He is also encouraging them by talking about god and what rights they have as humans. Although it took many a while to understand Walker’s points, his appeal was definitely a starting point for blacks to put an Chatarpaul 4 end to slavery. If blacks are successful in putting and end to slavery then he states,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦we will want all the learning and talents among ourselves, and perhaps more, to govern ourselves. † By saying this adds a positive point to Walker’s appeal because he is telling them about the possible outcome of ending slavery. Walker’s appeal inspired the slaves and freedmen to try and put an end to slavery. The appeal was a document aimed towards blacks, slaves and freedmen. It urged and encouraged them to fight for their liberty, and if they didn’t get that, then they rise in rebellion. Both of these two groups, black slaves and freedmen would agree to Walker’s appeal because he was trying to show them a way towards liberty and happiness. Although it didn’t happen at that point, it certainly opened up new ways for blacks to fight for their own rights.This appeal inspired many that were there at the present time of David Walker and also those who followed such as Frederick Douglas, and Nat Turner. The appeal was successful because many slave revolts began soon after it was published and smuggled around by seamen. This appeal sought out to get slaves to fight for their freedom and blacks as a whole to get their liberty, and it did that. Walker died in Boston on June 28, 1830, u nder mysterious circumstances. His challenge to the slaves to free themselves was an important contribution to the assault on human slavery.

Pyrite

Pyrite is a very interesting mineral for many reasons. The name Pyrite comes from the Greek word â€Å"pyr† which means â€Å"fire,† and was named because  it was  found that sparks would fly from it if struck against another minerals like steel. In early times, this sparking ability gave people a way of creating fire, and in later times, this  ability made it popular for  use  in early firearms devices  like the wheel lock. Today Pyrite  is called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fools Gold†Ã‚  because throughout  history people  have mistaken it for Gold  because of  its similar visible structure, metallic surface  and brassy yellow color.The funny thing is Gold is often found  with to  Pyrite deposits. Pyrite can easily be distinguished from Gold. Pyrite  is much lighter in color and  much harder. Even though Pyrite is a fairly hard mineral, its crystals are known to  break and crumble, because it is brittle. Pyrite is common in the Earth's crust and found in almost  every possible geological environment like sedimentary, metamorphic, magmatic and hydrothermal deposits. Pyrite's usual crystal forms are cubic, octahedron and pyritohedron.When a cube and pyritohedron crystal combine, the  face of the cube  appear to be grooved with lines. Many times Pyrite will be found  in combinations of all these forms, but also can occur in masses, globular, radiating  or reniform. Pyrite is also commonly found  as small nodules. A mixture of this nodular  form, and are called â€Å"Pyrite Suns† or â€Å"Pyrite Dollars†,  are popular for collectors. Pyrite has the same chemical makeup as Marcasite but has a different structure, and shape. Pyrite is a polymorph of  Marcasite and it can be extremely  difficult to tell apart.The name Marcasite came from the Arabic word for Pyrite. The confusion between the two minerals is common because the jewelry  trade uses the name  Marcasite, when they are actually  s elling Pyrite. Actual Marcasite can’t be used in jewelry because it is even more likely than Pyrite  to crumble into a  powder. Another mineral named Bravoite is very closely related to Pyrite,  but contains 20% more nickel. Even though Pyrite contains a high percentage of Iron and is common, it is not used as a source for Iron today. It was mined as a source for Sulfur during WWII to produce sulfuric acid.The Sulfur  component of  Pyrite was in high demand as a strategic chemical, and was found in parts of Tennessee. The Pyrite supplied them with enough sulfuric acid to get the job done. Pyrite can be used to make marcasite jewelry and it usually set in silver. Pyrite is always in the process of being created or destroyed. It is mostly a good mineral but does have its down sides. Sulfate released from decomposing pyrite combines with water producing sulfuric acid, which leads to acid rock drainage and potentially acid rain.Pyrite also has caused problems for miners . The main issue is dust explosions brought from Pyrite. To prevent these explosions the miners spray limestone on the exposed coal surfaces. Pyrite has also been known to cause some structural damage, and did so in the U. S. , Canada, and Ireland. In 2009 problems with Chinese drywall imported into the U. S. after Katrina were results of oxidation of pyrite. Stone buildings containing pyrite have been known to turn brown. Other than a few problems, Pyrite is a beneficial mineral.

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Seven-Colored Flower essays

Seven-Colored Flower essays In a beautiful small town, there was a girl called Melody. People in the town called her Dream Girl, because she always thought about something impossible. Every day, she sat beside the window and had her day-dreaming. One day, Melody sat beside the window and began her day-dreaming as usual. It was a sunny day. The birds were singing on the tree outside the window, and the flowers were dancing toward the sun. Melody was dreaming her fantasy ice cream castle, and she was thinking that she could live inside. Isnt it the best life in the world? Suddenly, a bright light came into Melodys room through the window, and a fairy appeared. While the fairy was smiling to Melody, Melody looked amazed. Hello, I am a dream fairy. Nice to meet you, Melody. How do you know my name? I never know you. Melody wondered. Well, it doesnt matter. I know you have a lot of dreams, so I come and help you to make your dreams come true, said the fairy with smile. Really? Melody became excited. Yes, my girl. Then, the fairy showed a seven-colored flower to Melody. This flower has seven different color petals, and they can make seven of your dreams come true. You can only use seven times, after that, the flower will fade. I see, but can this flower really make my dreams come true? Yes. Then the fairy disappeared. Melody held the flower in her hands and watched it over and over. To make sure the flower could work, she picked up one red petal and said, Seven-color flower, I want an ice cream castle. Just after she said this, a huge and colorful castle appeared outside her room. Melody was so excited and could not wait to run outside. This ice cream castle looked amazing! The roof was made of chocolate ice cream, and the wall was made of vanilla ice cream. Melody walked into the castle a...

Report on CEDPA Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Report on CEDPA Training - Essay Example She made us aware of our differences and in doing so helped us develop a greater appreciation for one another. By understanding our cultural diversities, we found that as female leaders we had many common bonds. Xiaoping was able to direct us into our personal learning style and demonstrated how our style could be flexible enough to work across culture lines and develop a team concept. We were challenged to see ourselves as women and understand our gender role. By understanding our selves as a unified team we could begin to mainstream our philosophies. At the heart of GWM's agenda is leadership. GWM stresses that leadership is not supervision and it is not management. The purpose of leadership is to establish a direction and create a vision that can be shared by others. By executing a visionary agenda, the leader inspires and motivates others into action. Instructor Sheila Ramsey instilled in us the idea that only a leader can effect change. In the changing face of the role of women, leadership is our most important quality whether it's in government, business, or the family. We were challenged to create a vision and an environment for that vision to take hold. The new directions envisioned by leadership cost money to adequately pursue. Management and senior staff will need to be creative in their approach to finance the needed projects. The fund raising presentation was given by Sue Richiedei who highlighted the need to have a well-directed fund raising strategy. A determination on the nature, purpose, and extent of the fund raising goals will lay the foundation for the fund raising plan. The course gave additional information on forming a proposal team, criteria for a good proposal, and managing the proposal process. In building an organization or program to aid women it is vital that the group has the ability to sustain itself over time. Xiaoping held a presentation on sustaining an institution through a careful analysis of finance and costs. She pointed to the need to understand where the money was coming from and place a value on its reliability. Will it be there in the future Is it independent of political pressure The importance of the expenditures is as important as the funding. Are the fixed costs really fixed Have we allowed for the fluctuation in variable costs By pinpointing the answers to these questions we can see the long-term outlook and measure the trend into the future. This understanding will give us a measure of sustainability. The care and work that goes into funding mandates that the money be spent with great control. Monitoring and constant evaluation of the project will give us the yardstick we need to measure the program's value. This requires setting baselines and endpoints. It calls for evaluation at pre-set intervals to validate data. The method of collecting and checking data is as important as the overall project. Instructor Jill Posner related the various ways in which an objective may be measured. The information may be totally objective numerical data, or a subjective and qualitative evaluation. These goals and endpoints will be used to form a project management framework. This will be the roadmap for the project's success. Throughout the process of fundraising to implementing a project, communication will be vital to keep the public informed as well as to maintain a

Modern Political Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Modern Political Theory - Essay Example The understanding of natural law is that it necessarily distinguishes between laws of nature and those that have been artificially created by society, with the latter referring to the positive law. Locke understood that one of the main differentiating features between these is that natural law exists throughout all cultures, while a positive law is experienced only through specific social or governmental designations (Dunn). Another prominent consideration Locke made in regards to natural law was in relation to theological elements. Locke distinguished between religious law and natural law, as natural law is the law that emerges solely through the process of human reason and rationality. One recognizes that whereas natural law reveals itself to the individual through rationality, the religious law implies a divine revelation as the primary substantiation. For instance, while there are elements of the Ten Commandments that are recognized elements of the natural law, there are also ele ments that are not applicable to all humanity. In these regards, Locke’s understanding of natural law in relation to theology was the recognition that while there may be a divine entity that establishes laws that overlap with natural law, they are only considered natural law if they can be determined through human reason (Forde). Notably, Locke believed that when the Bible or religious principles went beyond or conflicted with the natural law they were improperly formulated; as such, Locke chose to interpret the Bible in accord with natural law. To a large extent, Locke’s perspective on natural law in relation to religious law is formulated within the voluntarism and intellectualism debate. While Locke highly emphasizes the importance of rational understanding to the establishment of natural law, he also makes a number of prominent statements that seemingly supports theological perspectives on social obligations. For instance, in the Essay Concerning Human Understandin g Locke argues that laws need have an individual lawgiver. In the Essays on the Law of Nature, Locke argues that individuals have an obligation to abide by their creator (Forde). It seems that for Locke the question of natural law then becomes a voluntarist in regards to the reasons humans should follow natural law, but remains highly rationalistic in the means by which a perspective establishes what constitutes natural law. One must also consider Locke’s understanding of natural law as to whether he believed the predominant elements were rights or duties the individual must follow. It seems to a great degree most theorists believe that Locke’s notion of natural law is that it generally refers to aspects of human rights. In these regards, Locke is believed to have adopted a view of human nature that as motivated by hedonistic impulses. As humans are predominantly motivated by such self-interest the natural need for human self-preservation supersedes any types of duties by which humans might be restricted. Still, other theorists believe that Locke was also concerned with natural law as prescribing moral duties to humanity. To a degree, such a different appear semantic. Consider that argued that some of the core elements of the natural law were life, liberty, and property.

Ecology and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecology and Society - Assignment Example For this, they mainly evaluate the mechanisms of compensation and reward for environmental services (CRES) very closely. In this article, the authors debate whether or not the CRES mechanisms will more effectively contribute to environmental sustainability when compared to conventional mechanisms. While deeply analyzing the article, it seems that the authors greatly support CRES mechanisms in order to promote environmental sustainability. The writers hold the view that financial incentives are the best way to motivate people as this method adds value to the quality of people’s daily life. Compensations and rewards would not only greatly influence people but also significantly contribute to better human-environment interactions. The conventional institutional arrangements developed to manage ecosystems include ‘individual behaviour regulations, preservation of particular resources or ecosystems, and enhancement of collective investment in infrastructure’ (United Nations). However, the article writers indicate that those conventional mechanisms often fail to accomplish desired outcomes. They present CRES mechanisms as a better alternative to conventional environmental sustainability practices. Referring to the findings of Swallow, some writers argue that CRE S addresses â€Å"voluntary and traditional agreements that are negotiated among ecosystem stewards, beneficiaries of environmental services, and intermediaries† (Swallow, Leimona, Yatich and Valerde). Whereas the traditional techniques give emphasis to regulative policies, the CRES mechanisms positively influence people to regulate their actions themselves. In order to identify the conditions under which CRES mechanisms are more likely to be effective and functional, the authors apply theories of institutional change and policy diffusion (deductive approach). In addition, they also analyze a number of case studies as part of the

Thomas Hobbes Essay Example for Free

Thomas Hobbes Essay Thomas Hobbes was an Englishman who wrote the Leviathan during the English Civil War in the 17th century. Naturally Hobbes spends chapter five, and most of the Leviathan describing how to avoid internal conflict. Hobbes argues that by using logical reasoning and eliminating disagreement a state can avoid internal conflict. Hobbes begins chapter five with a definition for reason and the operations that are involved. Hobbes continues his explanation of reason by describing the proper use of reasoning and how absurdity arises. He elaborates on errors and absurdities, explicitly their causes. Hobbes ends chapter five with his description of the connection between reason and science. Hobbes describes reason as the summation of information, or the analyzing of the repercussions of the actions to which we are reasoning for or against. Particularly, the consequences others will pay in one’s attainment of their goal. Hobbes describes operations used by mathematicians: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; Logicians use the same operations but with words. Politicians use these same operations to delegate duties among men. Hobbes elaborates, â€Å"In sum whatsoever the matter, a place for addition and subtraction, there is also a place for reason; and where these have no place, there reason has nothing at all to do†(32). Addition and subtraction are not caged in mathematics; these operations are also the foundation of reason. Hobbes then explains that reason does not exist without fault. Even the most capable, attentive, practiced men can reach false conclusions. Just as mathematicians can make mistakes in their calculations, no mans reason is certain even if approved by many. Hobbes states that reason can be driven by ulterior motives. Men create reasoning that will help to push their agenda and reach their intended goal. Hobbes explains that when we are using reason we must proceed cautiously. Man must carefully analyze the foundation of his reasoning. Hobbes then describes how an error and absurdity can occur. Relying on knowledge of previous reasoning can lead one to a different outcome; this is what Hobbes defines as an error. When one draws a conclusion based on false assumptions, this is what Hobbes defines as absurdity or senseless speech. However, Hobbes further explains that an error is a deception, there is no way to truly determine whether it is impossible. Hobbes argues that the phrase free will is absurd. The word free itself is not free from opposition. Hobbes argues that philosophers are the most guilty of preaching absurdities, â€Å"Nothing so absurd, but may be found in the books of philosophers†(34). Unlike mathematics, there is no solid foundation of information to work upon. Hobbes then explains how these absurdities arise. In seven points Hobbes explains that absurdity arises from the preaching of unaccredited philosophies and improper estimation of ramifications of applying said philosophies. Hobbes argues that a man can avoid absurdity by properly analyzing consequences of actions in order to reach a particular goal. A man must have a good foundation of principles in order to reason logically. Hobbes states that reason is not inherent, nor can it be obtained by experience only. There is no right reason constituted by nature. One must properly identify the components involved in their reasoning and have a solid method of operation to analyze the ramifications of one’s actions. Hobbes explains the connection between science and reasoning, â€Å" Science is simply the knowledge of consequences, and dependence of the one fact upon another†(35). To Hobbes, the process of science is reason. In practicality man should use prudence in reasoning, however many profess their sapience, using alternative untested methods to yield the same results. Rather than rely on the credited work by authors, they create their own version of reasoning and mode of operation. Hobbes argues that this philosophical reformation is necessary to the preservation of peace. This reformed logical reasoning will be easily applicable to everyone. If a state promotes the use of practical logic as definite as geometric logic, the state could avoid internal warfare. Hobbes argues that we must not accept that something is true just because many believe it to be true. In order to properly analyze the truth, the people must appoint a leader to judge and determine the proper way to deal with issues that face the state. Hobbes states that the only way to eliminate internal conflict is to eliminate disagreement. By subduing to a higher power that promotes logical reason rather than false philosophies, a state can eliminate internal conflict.

Rap Vs Poetry :: essays research papers

What is hip hop? What are some of the common stereotypes and generalizations by which hip hop is conceived? Is it a music that is for only one group of people? Does hip hop promote violence and negativity? Many people claim that it is a disgraceful, mea ngless din. Antagonists often claim that hip hop is offensive to many groups of people. I will agree that unfortunately these are sometimes true with certain varieties of hip hop. The fact is that so many artists out there are in the industry simply for the love. These artists are not â€Å"sellouts† that are only in the industry for the money and fame. Also, there are many artists out there in the hip hop world that promote positivit As time goes on hip hop culture is integrating many different racial and ethnic groups. It is now socially acceptable for people of all races to enjoy the many aspects of hip hop. Hip hop was spurred in the late 70’s. The man credited as being the first rapper ever, DJ Afrika Bambataa, was the first to â€Å"talk† to his music. His unorthodox style quickly became very popular in the disco and funk clubs. For the lack of a better word, rap† was the term given to the music. As more and more rappers came about, the term MC, or Master of Ceremonies, was associated with rappers. Break dancing actually originated a few years prior to DJ Afrika Bambataa. Break dancers (B-Boys and B-Girls), would dance during the breaks in the music while steady beats were played. Eventually rap and break dancing united and hip hop began. The area in which hip hop first became a popular music was the Bronx. The Bronx is often labeled as the birthplace of hip hop. In its early stages hip hop was mostly a black and hispanic thing. As hip hop has evolved over the past 20 some odd years its n base has dramatically broadened. Not only has its area of influence broadened, but the race and ethnicities of hip hop lovers have also. If you go to a hip hop concert nowadays you will almost always see a mixture of races. Groups such as A Tribe Called Quest, and The Roots welcome this ethnic mixing in their music. On the contrary, most â€Å"gangster rappers† do not promote this mixture. Th preach about racial tension, therefore further distancing the posibility of tranquility between races.

Ib Theatre Ri Noh Costume Essay

Noh is known as the classical lyrics drama of Japan. Noh is a combination of serveral dance and drama forms that came before it. (Noh and Kyogen) It embraces the people’s love for the religious and cultral traditions that involve the mix of Japanese Dengaku and Sarugaku (which is a mix between a style of dance and mime). (Noh and Kyogen) Noh is fundamentally a symbolic theatre that focuses on the representation and appreciation of ritual traditions and the appreciation of culture. A tradtitional romantic play in Noh theater is Hanjo (Lady Han). The story of Hanjo is about a yujo named Hanago that works in an inn. A man named Yoshida no Shosho came into the inn for the night on his journey east. Hanago and Yoshida no Shosho fell in love and exchanged fans before he leaves for his journey. After Shosho is gone Hanago becomes nicknamed Hanjo becuase of her deranged and obsessive love for Shosho with the only memories of him being his fan. In this love story, the fans are a representation of the giving of their hearts to one another (connecting to the plot of which this story was derived from); in which the only memory that the women has of her lost lover is the fan. Throughout the play Hanjo constantly has Shosho’s fan in her posession and the more she waves the fan in the play, the more deranged she becomes thoughout the play. (Keene) One of the main aspects of Noh theater is the use of masks and to a Noh actor, the mask gives the actor behind the mask the responsibilty â€Å"to be the living embodiment of the qualities he is called upon to represent†. Toki) The masks in No theater that are commonly usedare the masks that were created between the fourteenth century and the seventeenth century and are prefered to be used in a performance rather than modern mask for the modern mask lacking in origionality compared to the classic. (Toki) In Noh theater, generally the Shite (main actor/ protagonist) actor is the only actor masked in the play, but in certain instances the Shitez-zure (assistant of the Shite) will also wear a mask but only when representing a female character. Toki) Even though the Shite is the only actor to be wearing a mask, the Shite will not wear a mask when representing a character in a earthly or a realistic piece of work and theatrical make-up is rerely and often not used during Noh performances. (Toki) The most common masks that are used are masks that represent female characters. The female mask are used to represent women of all ages and symbolize at times the beauty of the women or the ghost/ spirits of dead women. Toki) Different masks are used to represent the three main type of women, which are catagorized by age. (Toki) Young women are represented by ko-omote, magojiro, and waka-onna; the middle-Aged women are represented by Shakumi, Fukai, and Zoh; and finally the Old women are represented by uba and rojo. (Toki) Yet on occasion the Hannya mask is used in order to represent the vengeful women and conveys negative expressions and attitude. (Toki) When it comes to the costume design for Noh performances there are four different catagorities that the costumes can be organized into: costumes that are worn as undergarments, those worn over the under garments, costumes resembling skirts, and costumes that divide the actors upper section and the lower section of the body. (Toki) A Shite costume with five layers and outer garment of brocade creates an imposing figure on stage that can be even more imposing when a red or white wig is added. (Toki) A very typical gown style worn by women is the Karaori, which is woven with threads of gold, silver and other colors. Toki) Like most costumes in Noh theater, the use of color is major in determining the characters in the play. (Toki) Using red in the color scheme of any of the costume is best fit for a young character. (Toki) The most common costume for woman characters is the kinagashi (worn flowing), as well as the most common way of wearing kimono. (Toki) The outer robe over the under robe hanging from the shoulds to the ground and tied at the waist. (Toki) Another costume in Noh theater is the nuihaku (embroidery, foil) that can be used for both male and female characters. Komparu) A short-sleeved robed with a gold-â€Å"foil† or a silver- â€Å"foil† woven into the costume and â€Å"embroidery†, taking on the style of the satin-weave base. (Komparu) This costume is worn in the style of the koshimaki and includes the aslpects of being draped down from the waist, also resembling the nugi-sage. (Komparu) The nugi-sage (removed and draped) is a costume that will often symbolize a women that is mad. The right sleeve of the outer robe is removed and draped down the back, representing the decaying mind state of the women that is becoming mentally unfit. Komparu) Karaori (Chinese Weave), even though being influenced by the woven style of Chinese clothing is a good representation of Japanese Noh costumes. (Komparu) The robes can be manipulated in order to classify the different characters. It could either include the traditional color red in order to represent the young women characters or can be used without red in order to symbolise the middle-aged and older characters. In order to create the representation of a women’s skin, resort to the surihaku (foil applique). Komparu) Using the same style of the short-sleeved nuihaku with the gold-foil or silver-foil being woven into the costume with red indicates that the character is a woman. (Komparu) Another critical representation of women characters are the styles of katsura (wigs) supported by the katsura obi (wig bands). (Komparu) The narrow bands are long strands that are tied around the outside of the wig and are left hanging down the actors back. (Komparu) The bands still include the aspects of the gold-foil or silver-foil with the choice of red or not. The koshi obi (hip bands) can be used for both male and female characters. (Komparu) This resembles the mizu-goromo or is used with nuihaku in the style of koshimaki (draped from the waist). (Komparu) This costume is wrapped around the hips over a three quarter length. The tradtional styles of wigs that are used to indicate women character are the katsura, which is generally tied back or can be lengenthed to be the naga-katsura- (long wig) by attaching the long hair to a small square cloth and tied onto the actors head then rearranged for the performances. Other styles include the kasshiki-katsura (the religious wig), the midare-bin (untidy or disordered wig), and the uba-katsura (old woman’s wig). (Komparu) For the costume design for Hanjo there are certain aspects from each of the traditional costumes that could come together to create a beautiful costume along with conveying ,the character, Hanjo going mad without her lover, Shosho. The most fitting costume style would be the mugi-sage (removed and draped), which is generally known for symbolizing the concept of a mad woman with the disordanized and rugged look of the right sleeve of the outer robe slipped of and left to hang down the back of the character. The colors of the robe would include the same aspects of the nuihaku and the surihaku with the silver-foil woven into the fabric and the traditional red to indicate that the character is a young woman. The headress of Hanjo would include the idare-bin (disheveled tresses) style of wig in order to help convey the slow affect of Hanjo becoming mad without her lover; and the traditional katsura obi (wig band) with a red trim will support the headress itself and the concept of a female character. For props, Hanjo will hold bamboo grass in her hand which symbolizes a mad women. Along with the bamboo grass, Hanjo will hold a fan that will be a representation of Shosho’s fan that she recieved and will be used to be waved more rapidly to symbolize Hanjo’s madness.

Cross Cultural Psychology Essay

Cross cultural psychology is a sub-discipline within the wide psychology discipline that is concerned with the cultural factors that affects the behavior of human beings. Cross cultural psychology looks at the behavior of humans and its relationship with the mental processes. The behaviors are studies in the context of the cultural conditions taking into consideration the variations in the cultural influences. Since the early 1970s when the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology was founded, the field of study has continuously grown. Numerous researches have been carried out since then as the number of scholars in the field increase. Most of the research in this field has concentrated on how behaviors of individuals vary depending on their cultural background. The research has been prompted by the large variation on individual behaviors around the world with people from the same culture exhibiting a characteristic behavior (Berry, et al, 1992). Cross cultural psychology is quite different from other fields of psychology. Almost all other fields of psychology looks at the how the behaviors of the individual are influenced by their parent, their peers and generally people around them. However, they do not take into consideration the powerful effect of culture on the behaviors of people. While looking at the behaviors of different people, cross cultural psychology takes into account this powerful influence of culture. Some of the most important topics covered in the cross cultural psychology include child rearing, personality and language development (Ho & Wo, 2001). Culture and cross culture psychology Cross cultural psychology is closely related to culture psychology. Cultural psychology is a branch of psychology that is based on the assumption that the culture and mind of an individual cannot be separated. It looks at how the cultures and social practices in a certain society influence the psyche of individuals. It is therefore mainly concerned with the impacts of the traditions and cultures of the society on the mind of individuals resulting into unity of humankind (Shore, 1996). However, the two branches of psychology are very distinct though they are closely related. This is because the cross cultural psychology is mainly used in psychology as a measure of how the psychological processes in individuals are universal in a certain cultural setting rather than testing the influence of the culture and traditions on the psychological processes. Therefore, cross cultural psychology will seek to explain why stages of human development may be universal when different cultures are considered while cultural psychology focus on the influence of culture and traditions on the cognitive development of individuals (Heine, et al, 2002). In the past few years, there has been some collision between cultural and cross cultural psychologists. This has been as a result of recent studies that indicate the differences in attentions, cognition, perception and self when Americans and Asians are considered. The cultural psychologists have been criticized as a result of these research and accused of cultural stereotyping. They have responded to these accusations blaming the criticism on the increased emphasis of psychologists on cross cultural studies. The cultural psychologists have defended their finding since their research is based on ethnographic and tangible evidence while the cross cultural findings are based on laboratory findings (Masuda & Nisbett, 2001). Critical thinking in Cross Culture Psychology Cross cultural psychology research has indicated that people from Western Europe and North American culture think more critically when compared to people from Asia. Individuals from Asian cultures have been found to be faced with difficulties in the development of informed opinion or argument. They have limited ability to judge an argument or arrive to conclusions by integrating the information available and reject or accept the argument. Cross cultural psychology research has played an important role in the explanation of these variations in individuals from different cultures (Shiraev & Levy, 2006). Cultures have different ideal qualities that are considered desirable which are the main sources of variation in the level of critical thinking. For example, obedience and religious standards are considered the ideal qualities in the Asia societies. On the other hand, independence of thought and the ability to develop one owns opinions on different issues are considered to be undesirable in the society. Cross culture psychologists have suggested this to be one of the reasons why the Asians have difficulties in critical thinking (Shiraev & Levy, 2006). Methodologies in cross culture research Despite cross cultural psychology playing an important role in the explanation of the cultural aspects that affects the behaviors of individuals; it has experienced several methodology and theoretical challenges. This has been as a result of misunderstanding of the relationship between the cultural issues in the society and psychology. This misunderstanding has obscured the relationship between psychology and biological and cultural aspects of the individual. Other challenges are related measurements and definitions of cultural aspects that effect individuals and errors on data analysis and interpretation (Ratner, 2003). There is no doubt that methodology is an important aspect of cross cultural psychology. Cross cultural psychology is mainly based on positivistic methodologies. On the other hand, cultural psychology mainly focuses on humanistic methodologies which are based on the classical hermeneutic psychology. Positivistic methodologies have resulted in research on the relationship between culture and psychology being in line with basic principles of analysis. However, measurement and analysis based on positivistic methodologies principles in many cases obscure the cultural and traditions features and origin of behaviors and psychological aspects of an individual (Ratner, 2003). Cross cultural psychologists are for the argument that if the conclusions drawn from the research has to be accurate and reliable, the methodologies used which includes the materials used as well as the conditions should have the ability to stimulate the social environment of the people. However, many researchers in this field of psychology in many cases use artificial materials in spite of the caution. The reason why psychologists use these materials is because of the ease at which they can be controlled or calibrated. However, if positivist methodologies have to be effective, the measurement and analysis of the data stimuli must be as simple as possible, easy to manipulate, not vague and quantifiable. This is because it is possible to obtain more straightforward and quantitative responses. It has been found that artificial test materials and conditions though unfamiliar fit better when compared to natural circumstances and are thus preferred by many cross cultural psychologists (Ratner, 2003). Conclusion Cross cultural psychology is an important branch of psychology. It seeks to explain the relationship between the culture and traditions of the people and the behaviors of the individuals. This field of psychology has received a lot of attention in the last three decades due to criticisms against cultural psychology. Reference Berry, J. W. , Poortinga, Y. H. , Segall, M. H. , & Dasen, P. R. (1992). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Heine, S. J. , Lehman, D. R. , Peng, K. , & Greenholtz, J. (2002). â€Å"What’s wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales: The reference-group problem. † Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, pp 903-918. Ho, D. Y. F. , & Wu, M. (2001). â€Å"Introduction to cross-cultural psychology. † In L. L. Adler & U. P. Gielen (Eds. ), Cross-cultural topics in psychology, pp. 3-13. Westport, CT: Praeger. Masuda, T. , & Nisbett, R. A. (2001). â€Å"Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. † Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 922–934. Ratner, C. (2003)†Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Cross-Cultural Psychology. † Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 33, pp. 67-94. Shiraev, E. & Levy, D. (2006). Cross- Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications, ISBN: 0205474322; Allyn & Bacon Shore, B. (1996). Culture in mind: Cognition, culture and the problem of meaning. New York: Oxford University Press

The Inevitable Collapse of The Roman Republic essays

The Inevitable Collapse of The Roman Republic essays The Roman Empire began in 509 B.C. and lasted till the 6 B.C. The Romans who were highly inspired by the Greeks adapted their governing system. But instead of just limiting their government to city-states, they brought new ideas into their government. They established a ruling senate which was the basis's of their ruling power. The Senate was composed of large landowning aristocrats that composed laws that they could benefit from. The plebeians "poor people" demanded equal representation in the Senate. This battle was won and they were awarded the Plebian Assembly. But as history passed, the senate would no longer need the assembly's approval and this would start the deterioration of the Roman Republic and many other variables. Rome was the epicenter of the Hellenistic period, they gradually grew to occupy all of the Mediterranean. With these conquered lands they enslaved all of the people except for their close neighbors. These slaves were sold to all people of Rome. They took over the workforce. Aristocrats would buy hundreds of slaves and use them for their benefit in their huge plantations "Latifundias." Since the small farmers were the backbone of Rome, they were forced to sell their lands because of shady politics and overtaxing. Thus they would move to the city to find jobs. But since all the jobs were occupied by slaves there was no work for the poor people "the proletariat." This struggle for jobs gradually ruined the economy of Rome and forced the poor people to become even poorer and the rich people even richer. With the slave industrialization, Rome also did a lot of importing instead of exporting which hurt their economy as well. Rome because of its brutal warfare tactics hurt their image as a peaceful empire. Their war with the Carthage, the Punic Wars, brought another side to Rome's growing personality. During these wars, Rome was on the brink of capture when Hannibal almost walked into the walls of Rome. But the R...

Free Essays on Parthenons Masterpieces

Greek art held many terrific pieces of art found in many structures with many different styles, but some of the greatest art could be found in the Parthenon. The Parthenon withheld many great metopes, friezes, and pediments that were all magnificent art with intriguing stories. The metope of the Lapith verses the centaur, the frieze showing the Panathenaic Festival, and the pediment that presents the three goddesses; narrate their individual stories in many ways. The metope on the south side of the Parthenon depicts a battle between a Lapith and a centaur. It shows a Lapith rising up on its back legs after striking a centaur to the ground. This tells us the story of how the Lapiths and the centaurs had contentions in which the Lapiths probably triumphed on more occasions. The sculptor knew how to distinguish the vibrant, powerful form of the living beast from the lifeless corpse on the ground. He illustrates how the Lapith screams victory by rising on its hind legs and stands directly over the centaur as if it had just risen from striking him down. This decoration in the Parthenon would show how the Greeks could have experienced losses as well as victorious from heated battle. The metope would create a fierce example of war and competition within the Parthenon. Another significant work inside of the Parthenon was the frieze detailing the Panathenaic Festival. This Ionic inner frieze has many parts to it but on the east it illustrates a group of gods and goddesses who are spectators of the festival. This part of the frieze is significant by showing that the gods were invited to the festival and their importance might be shown by the way that they are seated while the other spectators are standing. The gods seem to be extremely casual, discussing the events to each other and pointing as they observe. The artist must have shown these gods in an enjoyable, relaxed setting to show their importance. It is similar to a king a... Free Essays on Parthenon's Masterpieces Free Essays on Parthenon's Masterpieces Greek art held many terrific pieces of art found in many structures with many different styles, but some of the greatest art could be found in the Parthenon. The Parthenon withheld many great metopes, friezes, and pediments that were all magnificent art with intriguing stories. The metope of the Lapith verses the centaur, the frieze showing the Panathenaic Festival, and the pediment that presents the three goddesses; narrate their individual stories in many ways. The metope on the south side of the Parthenon depicts a battle between a Lapith and a centaur. It shows a Lapith rising up on its back legs after striking a centaur to the ground. This tells us the story of how the Lapiths and the centaurs had contentions in which the Lapiths probably triumphed on more occasions. The sculptor knew how to distinguish the vibrant, powerful form of the living beast from the lifeless corpse on the ground. He illustrates how the Lapith screams victory by rising on its hind legs and stands directly over the centaur as if it had just risen from striking him down. This decoration in the Parthenon would show how the Greeks could have experienced losses as well as victorious from heated battle. The metope would create a fierce example of war and competition within the Parthenon. Another significant work inside of the Parthenon was the frieze detailing the Panathenaic Festival. This Ionic inner frieze has many parts to it but on the east it illustrates a group of gods and goddesses who are spectators of the festival. This part of the frieze is significant by showing that the gods were invited to the festival and their importance might be shown by the way that they are seated while the other spectators are standing. The gods seem to be extremely casual, discussing the events to each other and pointing as they observe. The artist must have shown these gods in an enjoyable, relaxed setting to show their importance. It is similar to a king a...

The Health and Pollution Risks of Charcoal Grilling

The Health and Pollution Risks of Charcoal Grilling Cooking with grills can be problematic for two reasons. First, both charcoal and wood burn â€Å"dirty,† producing not only hydrocarbons but also tiny soot particles that pollute the air and can aggravate heart and lung problems. Secondly, the grilling of meat can form two kinds of potentially carcinogenic compounds in the cooked meat: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs). Charcoal Grilling May Pose Cancer Risks According to the American Cancer Society, PAHs form when fat from meat drips onto the charcoal. They then rise with the smoke and can get deposited on the food. They can also form directly on the food as it is charred. The hotter the temperature and the longer the meat cooks, the more HCAs are formed. HCAs can also form on broiled and pan-fried beef, pork, fowl, and fish. In fact, National Cancer Institute researchers have identified 17 different HCAs that result from cooking â€Å"muscle meats,† HCAs that may pose human cancer risks. Studies have also shown an increased risk of colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancers associated with high intakes of well done, fried, or barbequed meats. Cooking With Charcoal Grills Adds to Air Pollution According to the Texas Commission on Environmental Air Quality, Texans who like to say that they â€Å"live and breathe barbecue† may be doing just that to the detriment of their health. A 2003 study by scientists from Rice University found that microscopic bits of polyunsaturated fatty acids released into the atmosphere from cooking meat on backyard barbecues were helping to pollute the air in Houston. The city at times registers air quality levels that rank it one of the more polluted urban areas in the United State. Emissions from barbecues, however, are certainly dwarfed by those generated by motor vehicles and industry. Both briquettes and lump charcoal create air pollution. The production of lump charcoal, made from charred wood to add flavor, creates other environmental hazards. Their production contributes to deforestation and adds to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Charcoal briquettes do have the benefit of being made partly from sawdust, which is a good use of waste wood. Popular brands, however, may also contain coal dust, starch, sodium nitrate, limestone, and borax. Canada Considers Charcoal Hazardous In Canada, charcoal is now a restricted product under the Hazardous Products Act. According to the Canadian Department of Justice, charcoal briquettes in bags that are advertised, imported to, or sold in Canada must display a label warning of the potential hazards of the product. No such requirements presently exist in the United States. Avoid Health Risks by Using Natural Charcoal Consumers can avoid exposure to these potentially harmful additives by sticking with so-called natural charcoal brands. Look for charcoal made of 100 percent hardwood and containing no coal, oil, limestone, or petroleum products. Third-party certification programs, like the Forest Stewardship Council, can help choose products that are harvested in a sustainable fashion. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Discuss whether Microsoft's monopoly position is in the public Essay

Discuss whether Microsoft's monopoly position is in the public interest - Essay Example From an economic point of view, the question that may be asked by many people is whether this kind of monopoly is good for the public or the consumers or not. Microsoft has achieved a number of monopolistic positions in the market due to its bundling activity. In its early years, Microsoft entered into a deal with the main hardware manufacturers to compel them to sell each of their PC with Microsoft operating system and other application software. This meant that even those who did not intend to use Microsoft’s software had to pay for it then buy other software. Bundling other products such as a web browser and a media player with its operating system software has led to the firm gaining unfair advantage over competitors. However, it is the bundling of the java Runtime Environment that has caused the greatest commotion. JRE was developed by the now defunct Sun’s Microsystems and was meant to deliver a platform free programming environment through java. When Microsoft bu ndled it in its OS, it corrupted it and this was seen to work against the very idea of having a platform free programming environment. Monopoly has never been seen as good for the end consumers. In a country like America, monopoly or monopoly-like business situations have been seen to be harmful to the consumers as they make the producers so powerful that they can abuse their power, much to the consumers’ disadvantage (Geisst, 2000). Every firm looks and dreams of a monopoly in the market. Even for those businesses which operate in highly competitive markets, they always seek to create monopolistic environments, for their own advantage and not to the advantage of the consumers (Lele, 2007). With regard to Microsoft’s monopoly, the effect can be seen as both good and bad. Microsoft’s monopoly position is bad for consumers Microsoft’s monopoly is not in the public interest because monopoly in itself means that the firm can control the prices as well as the quality of the products it sells to the consumers. Monopoly, as Clark (2011) argues, is the opposite of perfect competition. Perfect competition is what is seen to be the ideal situation for consumers because the firms in a perfect completion market environment engaged in perfect competition and have to continue reducing their prices in order to entice the consumers (Machovec, 1995). Above, diagram showing how completion affects prices of products. Source: http://www.revisionguru.co.uk/economics/perfcomp.htm As Klein (2007) says, in perfect competition also, the firm also seek to improve the quality of the products in order to have an advantage over the other firms. These two factors, that is, quality and prices, are very important for the consumer. Above, diagram showing perfect competition in the long run equilibrium, Source: http://www.bized.co.uk/reference/diagrams/Perfect-Competition---Long-Run-Equilibrium When competition is eliminated and one firm or a group of few numbers of firms have a monopolistic position in the market, the firms don’t have to reduce their prices or increase the quality of their product (Khan, 2007). In this regard, Microsoft’s monopoly is not good for the consumers because it means that the firm will not be motivated to revise the prices of its products and they will also not be motivated to increase the quality of their products. In the current situation, it means that Microsoft can decide how much to sell its software, especially its operating system and the office suite.